The European Commission's legislative package âClean Energy for all Europeansâ sought to place the consumer at the heart of the energy transition. Thus, the recast renewable energy directive (RED II) and the recast electricity market directive (EMD) introduced a framework for ârenewable energy communitiesâ (REC) and âcitizen energy communitiesâ (CEC), effectively aimed at empowering smaller actors in the energy market to play a more important role in driving the EUâs transition to a clean-energy economy.